Modernism and Symbolic-Interpretivism Theory ...

Abstract The basic definition of an organization is an assembly of people working together to achieve common objectives through a division of labor. According to Mote (2012), an organization provides a means of using individual strengths within a group to achieve more than can be accomplished by the aggregate efforts of group members working individually. This proposal will look at modernism and symbolic interpretivism (SI) theories and how they apply to organizational structure. The organization of study is a global healthcare organization dealing in genetic testing, drug testing, and clinical trials. Introduction A perspective or view involves certain assumptions about behavior whether in individuals or†¦show more content†¦Modernism supports the notion of scientific progress as a series of linear, cumulative steps toward the ideals of complete knowledge and human perfection (Hatch, 2006). The author asserts that to take a modernist perspective, one must commit to limiting what is known as knowledge to what one can know though the five senses. On the other hand, SI extends the definition of empirical reality to include forms of experience that lie outside the reach of the five senses, as do emotions and intuition and as a result of this subjectivity, their findings cannot be easily replicated by others (Hatch, 2006). Variables that contribute to organizational effectiveness Some of the variables that contribute to organizational effectiveness are technology, economic, political/legal, social/culture and physical (Hatch, 2006). The advances in information and communication technologies, the artifact technology, and the knowledge society have highlighted the importance of knowledge and the need for knowledge management. However, it is important to explore the mediating role of knowledge management in the relationship between technology and organizational effectiveness (Tung-Sheng Kuo Dorjgotov, 2011). OrganizationsShow MoreRelatedMicrosoft Corporation4397 Words   |  18 Pageson the organizational performance. For instance, technology and organizational culture have an effect on the organization as they affect its performance. Understanding the internal and external environment is essential for the success of Microsoft Corporation as it enables managers to identify organizational strength and weaknesses and develop strategies to overcome them. Different organizational theory perspectives can be used to examine the organization. That is modernism and symbolic interpretivismRead MoreCompare Modernist and Symbolic Interpretive in Different Aspect1655 Words   |  7 Pagescustomers’ unlimited wants. Organization theory is an area of study where organizations are the phenomenon of interest for theory that applies to everybody. Organization are defined as a consciously coordinated social entity, with a relatively, identifiable boundary that performs upon consciously basis to accomplish a mutual goal. Organizations are structured the way they are because different organization perceive and do things differently. Effectiveness of an organization is based on how they areRead MoreThe Scientific Management Principles Of Frederick Winslow Taylor3172 Words   |  13 Pagescorporations in the past two centuries, which has resulted in academic as well as practical development of concepts related to organizational behaviour, revolutionizing the current landscape. From the studies conducted by Adam Smith in the 18th century to Peter Ferdinand Drucker in the 21st century a range of ideas and concepts have originated with respect to organizational behaviour and associated practices. While Adam Smith s contribution was in the area of division of labour, which even thoughRead MoreThe Principles Of Scientific Management3162 Words   |  13 PagesAlong with the development of organizations and corporations over the past 200 years, organizational behaviour and the asso ciated concepts have undergone revolutionary changes. From Adam Smith (1776) to Peter Ferdinand Drucker in the 21st Century, numerous experts have proposed and advocated various concepts and ideas on organisational behaviour and associated practices. For example, in the pre-history era, Adam Smithï ¼Ë†1776ï ¼â€° has noted that the division of labour, this method and idea has been acceptedRead MoreU10A1 Project – Organization Theory Project4528 Words   |  19 PagesProject – Organization Theory Project Modernism and Symbolic Interpretation Perspectives of Facilities Management OM8010 – Principles of Organization Theory and Practice. Capella University [pic] Elizabeth G. Wilkerson 13230 Helotes Circle Helotes, TX 78023 2105502442 EGreen8@satx.rr.com Instructor: Betty Martin-Lewis, PhD Modernism and Symbolic Interpretation Perspectives of Facilities Management Introduction Modernism and symbolic interpretations areRead MorePost Modernism Modernism1876 Words   |  8 Pagesperspective come to be associated with their own concepts amp; theories. (Hatch amp; Cunliffe 2006) In my essay, I will use three perspectives which is modernism, symbolic interpretive and postmodernism and show their different views on the role of technology in organisations and why they hold them. Then, I will analyse each perspective to what they have to say on this issue and why do they say it. The foundation of all theories For comparison of the three perspectives to take place, assumptionsRead MoreEssay on Understanding Change15189 Words   |  61 Pageschange Perspectives on change The ethics of organizational change Planned change and its critics Strategic change Building and developing competitive advantage 3 39 73 11 1 147 CHAPTER 1 Perspectives on change 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Perspectives on change 1.2.1 Modernity, progress, and change 1.2.2 Pathways to change 1.3 Structural-functional change: changing structures and functions 1.3.1 An organization is a complex whole 1.3.2 Structural theory 1.4 Multiple constituencies: change by negotiationRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreLiterature Review on Consumer Behaviour16053 Words   |  65 Pagesperspective argue that positivism overemphasizes the rational view and the ideology of a homogenous social culture and thereby denies the complex social and cultural world in which consumers live. This paradigm instead stresses, the importance of symbolic and subjective experience and the idea that consumers construct meanings based on unique and shared cultural experiences, and thus there can be no single unified world view. Unsurprisingly, the two paradigms differ in their views on the benefits

Nigeria Economic Outlook - 719 Words

Introduction This document will discuss economic concerns of Nigeria. Specially addressed will be the following: Nigeria’s economic outlook, gross domestic product, inflation, and deprecation of the naira. This paper will conclude with a summary of this discussion. Nigeria Economic Outlook Nigeria’s parliament approved the 2017 budget in May. The economy falling from low oil prices, which have led to recession, a plummeting naira and a spike in inflation, the budget aims to jumpstart growth by ramping up capital spending on roads, rail, ports and power. The significant fiscal shortfall is set to be plugged by a mixture of loans and bonds, although with foreign investors skittish, the government may have to turn to more domestic financing,†¦show more content†¦Clearly a lot needs to be done to make tax compliance less onerous for the average taxpayer. Inflation Nigerias consumer prices increased 17.24 percent year-on-year in April of 2017, easing slightly from a 17.26 percent rise in the prior month. The inflation rate fell for the third straight month to the lowest in nine months, led by a slowdown in prices of housing and utilities and transport (Wilson, David, Inyiama, Beatrice, 2014). annual core inflation rate was 14.75 percent, the lowest since April last year. On a monthly basis, consumer prices increased 1.60 percent. Inflation Rate in Nigeria averaged 12.38 percent from 1996 until 2017, reaching an all-time high of 47.56 percent in January of 1996 and a record low of -2.49 percent in January of 2000. Compared to April of 2016, prices went up at a slower pace for housing and utilities (16.05 percent vs 18.85 percent) and transport (14.91 percent vs 15.43 percent). Meanwhile, cost rose faster for food (19.30 percent vs 18.44 percent), including bread ,cereals, meat, fish, potatoes, yams and other tubes, coffee, tea and cocoa, milk cheese, eggs, oils and fats. Yet, food inflation hit the highest since February of 2009. Also, prices advanced for clothing and footwear (17.10 percent vs 16.65 percent), furniture and household equipment (12.84 percent vs 12.47 percent), health (10.66 percentShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Macroeconomic Indicators On Economic Growth On A Petrol Dollar Economy Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesTHE EFFECT OF MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN A PETROL-DOLLAR ECONOMY: THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE 1. Introduction The Central Bank of Nigeria Act of 1958(CBN) vested the monetary policy powers of economic stability on the apex regulatory bank (CBN).Since our independence in 1960,CBN has operated a fixed exchange regime which was at various times was at par with the British pounds and later the United States Dollar. This exchange rate regime was operated in additionRead MoreThe Coming Anarchy - Robert Kaplan Essay901 Words   |  4 Pagespublished his essay entitled, The Coming Anarchy. In his essay, Mr. Kaplan theorized that the region of Western Africa is becoming the â€Å"symbol of worldwide demographic, environmental, and societal stress†. He identified numerous political, social, economic, and environmental issues affecting Western Africa, which in his opinion, would lead to the demise of that African region within the next 50 years. Mr. Kaplan further theorized that nations worldwide would eventually contract the same problems occurringRead MoreThe Education System Of Education1 733 Words   |  7 Pageswith increasing infrastructural facilities. These urban migration also leads to shortage of skilled and unskilled labour in the rural-urban areas. Rural employees always seek better jobs in the urban areas. (Bolakale S, 2010) ïÆ'Ëœ The urban areas in Nigeria have access to better health care facilities. Qualified medical personnel, clean environment and the patients are well attended to. Unlike in the rural areas where they lack well trained medical staff. Clinics are mostly operated by auxiliary nursesRead MoreGermany Market : The Market For Growth Expansion1307 Words   |  6 Pageslike in the times of economic growth people usually do not charge the amount of hygiene products they use like in the UK were customers cut down expenses on the amount of tissue due to the recession (keynote 2014). However, disposable paper market is the fastest-growing industry players in Europe this stands as an opportunity for Bel Implex because the product is still in its maturity stage in Germany(euro monitor 2014).. 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Nepalese migration to Japan Free Essays

Nepal is landlocked between India and China, situated between the Himalayas. With no industrialization worth the name, its mainstay is agriculture. Its major export is labor; most of the rural households have one family member abroad and expect the inward remittances from them month after month for their livelihood. We will write a custom essay sample on Nepalese migration to Japan or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Nepali migration to Japan is governed by the Labor Act of 1985. The armed conflicts between the forces loyal to the King and Government and Nepal and the Maoist People’s War groups, have created a fear psychology in the Country and encouraged migration. Historical Structural contexts: The majority of the Nepalese workers in Japan hail from ethnic group designated as ‘martial races’. They are popularly known as ‘Gurkha’ soldiers. They were an important segment of the Indian and British Army. In India, even now, they are the prominent part. Nepal has a long history of migration; Nepalese migrated to the city of Lahore and joined as soldiers in the army of Sikh Ruler, Ranjit Singh. The martial aspect has now taken the form of economic criteria with the fast advancement of the modern materialistic civilization consequent to the industrial and internet revolutions. A new culture of emigration and remittance economy in rural Nepal has taken concrete shape. Migration is, mostly, an economic option now. From the cinders of the II World War, Japan’s industrial structure took an unprecedented leap. Manufacturing and construction industries created a vacuum consequent to shunning of the jobs by the Japanese workers. Economically distressed migrants from countries like Nepal, secure elevated wage levels, and that in turn accelerated the process of migration from Nepal. The subsequent living conditions, isolation, distress and discrimination added to their woes, but the offsetting factor was the financial rewards. As for the women immigrant workers, Japan’s share is 9%. Most of them work in the service sectors or as domestic helps. Push –Pull factors: Economic agents are responsible for the homogenous optimizing behavior as for various theories of migration. In contrast, â€Å"Lipton assumes heterogeneity of group behavior – rich persons optimize whereas poor persons are more reactive than proactive. Hence, the migratory decisions of the rural poor are more likely to be influenced by push factors while pull factors more likely apply to the rural rich.†(Asian, 2000†¦) To some extent the conditions obtaining in the migration scene in Nepal today in relation to Japan, gives credence to Lipton’s hypotheses as for migratory and remitting behavior of both poor and rich families. Socio-economic differentials are one of the important factors for migration determinants. Globalization has worked wonders in all the segments related to human beings. For economies and individuals who possess mobile capital and knowledge, it has proved to be a boon. But the conditions of the less educated workers have remained the same, as their options are limited. The bargaining power of the employers is in tact, if anything it has increased because of their capacity to adopt latest technology, with less labor requirements, outsourcing and moving elsewhere. The labor migration, both short term and long term, to countries like Japan from Nepal has adverse effects on account of this development. Network and social capital: Indian sub-continent was the traditional destination for the migration of the Nepalese labor, but with the passage of Labor Act of 1985, countries like Japan became the much sought after destinations.   The trade unions also began to show interest in the welfare and working conditions of the overseas workers. â€Å"Foreign labor migration from Nepal is still largely a privately organized affair in which individuals make use of their own personal networks or make arrangements through a number of private, government-registered manpower or recruitment agencies.†(Seddon, 2005). As for Southeast Asia, the popular destination at that time was Japan. Immigration then was not legal, the repatriation incidents occurred often, but the reward for the lucky ones who stayed on was high. The wages were 10 times the average wage in Nepal. The remittances from Japan to Nepal recorded a steep increase. This further kindled the curiosity and enthusiasm of the rural folks of Nepal, both men and women to migrate. â€Å"The implications of this situation are far-reaching for Nepal as a whole, for the structure and dynamics of regional and local economy and society, and — perhaps most of all — for households and individuals all over the country, both those directly involved in foreign labor migration and those left behind.†(Seddon, 2005) Labor migration increases unity of the countries of sending and receiving migrants. Migration serves useful purposes for both the countries. It is the twice-blessed concept. It blesses those who receive, and those who give. The reality behind this poetic comparison is that the two ethnic groups have to come to terms for a happy living. Legal citizenship is one thing. The actual assimilation and the willing acceptance from the local society is another thing. The development of commonality is a slow process. To oppress the minority and obliterate the differences is not a welcome procedure and the consequences will be bitter. History has enough examples of such disastrous failures. Historical conditions and the related racial stigma, will not get obliterated easily. References Cited: Article: ASIAN AND PACIFIC MIGRATION JOURNAL, 1999,2000..www.cicred.org/rdr/rdr_uni/revue101-102/101-101-102.html – 26k – Retrieved on October 2, 2007 Seddon, David-Article: Nepal’s Dependence on Exporting Labor, January 2005-Migration Information Source www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=277 – 35k –   Retrieved on October 2, 2007          How to cite Nepalese migration to Japan, Essay examples

Factors behind Unemployment Rate

Question: Identify the reasons behind growing unemployment in the Europe including OECD countries. Answer: Introduction Rising unemployment is a severe threat to an economy. To resolve the problem, it is necessary to identify the factors responsible for it. In this paper, three scholar articles have been analysed. The selected articles are Capital accumulation, labour market institutions and unemployment in the medium run by Stockhammer and Klar (2011); Capital Formation And Unemployment by Rowthorn (1995) and The Role of Shocks and Institutions in the Rise of European Unemployment: the Aggregate Evidence by Blanchard and Wolfers (2000). These articles tried to identify the reasons behind growing unemployment in the Europe including OECD countries. At first, the major findings and arguments of the authors in respective articles have been discussed. Further, this paper has mentioned how the articles are related to each other. At the end, policy recommendations are discussed that can help to deal the problem of unemployment, based on the given articles. Factors responsible for rising unemployment Stockhammer and Klar (2011) have focused on how unemployment is determined by the labor market institutions. However, empirical studies showed that capital accumulation has significant impact on unemployment. It has been claimed that, there is no proof that less labor market rigidity can reduce the level of unemployment. Moreover, non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) could not be declined by removing labor market rigidities in OECD countries. Keynesian views states that there is inverse relationship between capital accumulation and unemployment (Stockhammer and Klar 2011, p. 438). The article by Stockhammer and Klar (2011) emphasized on role of capital accumulations role in explaining unemployment. They argued that benefit duration and union density are statistically significant. Bargaining system with a higher degree of employees covered by collective bargaining features lower unemployment. These two variables have positive association. The variable collective bar gaining coverage is negatively correlated to union density. Moreover, employment protection legislation is positively related but insignificant. The author has also found that an increase in capital accumulation by 1% reduces rate of unemployment by 0.87% point with time effect and by 0.92% point without time effect (Stockhammer and Klar 2011, p.449). They argued that inflation rate has insignificant impact on unemployment rate. This article has discussed interaction between labor market institutions and macroeconomic shocks as well as interactions among themselves. Some interactions are reinforcing and some are perverse. Higher interest rate can reduce the unemployment if benefit duration in lengthy and employment protection reduces unemployment if unemployment is low. Rowthorn (1995, p.27) has examined the relationship between employment and the capital stock. He argued that low investment rate in Western Europe was responsible for increasing unemployment in the region. Measures like education, training and labor market reform can be effective in reducing unemployment only if the sufficient investment is made in order to improve productive capacity (Rowthorn 1995, p.27). Moreover, he argued that employment could be generated only through increasing capital stock, instead of generating it on existing capital stock. Evidence has found that short-term oil shock led to increase in non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment due to loss of capital stock (Rowthorn 1995, p.27). According to his findings, growth rate of labor productivity permits the market to operate with less unemployment; it provides a way through which investment can decrease unemployment in the medium term. Rowthorn (1995, p.35) has also focused in explaining why investment has f allen in OECD countries. He argued that long-term real interest rate should be reduced and there is no short-term constraint on expansion arising from capacity shortage. It is argued that quality of labor supply should be improved. Labor market policies encourage job creation on existing capital stock, but the author argued that these policies actually form capital, which in turn will raise the employment rate in the economy. Blanchard and Wolfers (2000, p.C1) discussed with evidence how economic shocks and institutions increase the unemployment in Europe. Fall in total factor productivity causes rise in equilibrium unemployment rate. However, this is not permanent, as once expectations is adjusted unemployment will tend to fall. This fall in TFP cannot explain the rising trend of unemployment over twenty years, in Europe. The authors (2000, p.C6) have found that real interest rate was negative in the second half to 1970s and then again large during 1980s and 1990s. They argued that these changes will affect the capital accumulation at a given wage rate and demand for labor will be shifted. However, these real interest rate fluctuations have little impact on long run unemployment. When the interest rate is very low, it delays the unemployment rate and due to high rate of real interest, unemployment rises. Blanchard and Wolfers (2000, p.C6) have also mentioned that labor share fell strikingly during 1980s, after being high in 1970s. Due to fall in TFP, demand for labor falls and unemployment increases. These authors have also stated that labor market institutions increase unemployment and change the nature of unemployment. However, some labor market institutions have effect neither on rate nor on nature. This article has also mentioned that collective bargaining; higher minimum wage raises the unemployment. The three given articles focus on explaining the factors that lead to unemployment in the Europe. The articles by Stockhammer and Klar (2011) and Rowthron (1995) identified capital accumulation as major factor behind the rising unemployment. Both articles argued the similar thing that states that for a reduction in unemployment, capital accumulation is required through investment. Another article Blanchard and Wolfers (2000) mentioned the role of labor market institutions in explaining the rate of unemployment, as also stated by Stockhammer and Klar (2011). Moreover, this article emphasis on two factors which explain short-term rise in unemployment, such as TFP and real interest rate (Blanchard and Wolfers 2000). There is a difference between the articles by Blanchard and Wolfers (2000) and Stockhammer and Klar (2011). The first one identified role of labor market institutions as significant, however, the later one mentioned its role but stated that the impact is insignificant. The f actors identified are mostly same in all given articles; the differences lie in the approach and other factors identified in this regard. Conclusion From the above discussion, it has been found that unemployment cannot be reduced after a certain level as that may lead to a rise in the inflation rate. According to the arguments of these three articles, policies can be recommended to reduce unemployment from an economy. It has been argued by the authors that with the help of capital accumulation, the unemployment can be reduced. Hence, the government or policy makers should target to increase investment in the economy for more capital accumulation so that productivity increases and labor demand rises. The labor market institutions must be controlled as some of its measures like unemployment benefits, lead to rise in unemployment. Rowthron suggested in his article, to stress on labor-market policies along with stimulation of capital stock. By controlling real interest rate, the impact of unemployment can be changed. It is recommended that the policy should be focused on good markets rather than labor market, in order to reduce unemp loyment. The policy prescriptions should be modified in a way that it does not discourage the labor force participation and reduce demand for labor; and the most effective way is to stimulate capital formation. References Blanchard, O. and Wolfers, J. (2000). The Role of Shocks and Institutions in the Rise of European Unemployment: the Aggregate Evidence.Economic Journal, 110(462), pp.1-33. Rowthorn, R. (1995). Capital Formation And Unemployment.Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 11(1), pp.26-39. Stockhammer, E. and Klar, E. (2011). Capital accumulation, labour market institutions and unemployment in the medium run.Cambridge Journal of Economics, 35, pp.437-457.